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title: >- |
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Adventures In DeFi |
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description: >- |
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There and Back Again, a Yield Farmer's Tale. |
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--- |
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It's difficult to be remotely interested in crypto and avoid the world of |
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decentralized finance (DeFi). Somewhere between the explosion of new projects, |
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implausible APY percents, complex tokens schemes, new phrases like "yield |
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farming" and "impermanent loss", rug pulls, hacks, and astronomical ethereum |
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fees, you simply _must_ have heard of it, even in passing. |
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In late November of 2020 I decided to jump in and see what would happen. I read |
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everything I could find, got as educated as I could, did some (but probably not |
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enough) math, and got to work. Almost immediately afterwards a giant bull |
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market hit, fees on ethereum shot up to the moon, and my little yield farming |
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DeFi ship was effectively out to sea. |
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For the past 200 days I haven't been able to tweak or withdraw any of the DeFi |
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positions I made, for fear of incurring so many ethereum fees that any gains I |
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made would be essentially wiped out. But the bull market is finally at a rest, |
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fees are down, and I'm interested in what the results of my involuntary |
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long-term experiment were. Before getting to the results though, let's start at |
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the beginning. I'm going to walk you through all the steps I took, as well as my |
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decision making process (as flawed as it surely was) and risk assessments. |
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## Step 1: The Base Positions |
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My first step was to set aside some ETH and BTC for this experiment. I was (and |
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remain) confident that these assets would acrue in value, and so wanted to hold |
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onto them for a long period of time. But while holding onto those assets, why |
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not make a little interest on them by putting them to use? That's where DeFi |
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comes in. |
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I started with 2.04 ETH and 0.04 BTC. The ETH existed as normal ETH on the |
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ethereum blockchain, while the 0.04 BTC I had to first convert to [renBTC][ren]. |
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renBTC is an ethereum token whose value is pinned to the value of BTC. This is |
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accomplished via a decentralized locking mechanism, wherein real BTC is |
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transferred to a decentralized network of ren nodes, and they lock it such that |
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no individual node has access to the wallet holding the BTC. At the same time |
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that the BTC is locked, the nodes print and transfer a corresponding amount of |
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renBTC to a wallet specified in the BTC transaction. It's a very interesting |
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project, though the exact locking mechanism used was closed-source at the time I |
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used it, which concerned me somewhat. |
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[ren]: https://renproject.io/ |
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### Step 1.5: Collateralization |
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In Step 2 I deposit my assets into liquidity pools. For my renBTC this was no |
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problem, but for my ETH it wasn't so simple. I'll explain what a liquidity pool |
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is in the next section, but for now all that needs to be known is that there are |
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no worthwhile liquidity pools between ETH and anything ostensibly pinned to ETH |
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(e.g. WETH). So I needed to first convert my ETH into an asset for which there |
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are worthwhile liquidity pools, while also not losing my ETH position. |
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Enter [MakerDAO][makerdao]. MakerDAO runs a decentralized collateralization app, |
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wheren a user deposits assets into a contract and is granted an amount of DAI |
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tokens relative to the value of the deposited assets. The value of DAI tokens |
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are carefully managed via the variable fee structure of the MakerDAO app, such |
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that 1 DAI is, generally, equal to 1 USD. If the value of the collateralized |
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assets drops below a certain threshold the position is liquidated, meaning the |
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user keeps the DAI and MakerDAO keeps the assets. It's not dissimilar to taking |
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a loan out, using one's house as collateral, except that the collateral is ETH |
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and not a house. |
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MakerDAO allows you to choose, within some bounds, how much DAI you withdraw on |
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your deposited collateral. The more DAI you withdraw, the higher your |
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liquidation threshold, and if your assets fall in value and hit that threshold |
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you lose them, so a higher threshold entails more risk. In this way the user has |
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some say over how risky of a position they want to take out. |
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In my case I took out a total of 500 DAI on my 2.04 ETH. Even at the time this |
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was somewhat conservative, but now that the price of ETH has 5x'd it's almost |
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comical. In any case, I now had 500 DAI to work with, and could move on to the |
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next step. |
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[makerdao]: https://makerdao.com/ |
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## Step 2: Liquidity Pools |
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My assets were ready to get put to work, and the work they got put to was in |
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liquidity pools (LPs). The function of an LP is to facilitate the exchange of |
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one asset for another between users. They play the same role as a centralized |
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exchange like Kraken or Binance, but are able to operate on decentralized chains |
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by using a different exchange mechanism. |
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I won't go into the details of how LPs work here, as it's not super pertinent. |
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There's great explainers, like [this one][lp], that are easy to find. Suffice it |
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to say that each LP operates on a set of assets that it allows users to convert |
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between, and LP providers can deposit one or more of those assets into the pool |
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in order to earn fees on each conversion. |
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When you deposit an asset into an LP you receive back a corresponding amount of |
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tokens representing your position in that LP. Each LP has its own token, and |
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each token represents a share of of the pool that the provider owns. The value |
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of each token goes up over time as fees are collected, and so acts as the |
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mechanism by which the provider ultimately collects their yield. |
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In addition to the yield one gets from users making conversions via the LP, LP |
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providers are often also further incentivized by being granted governance tokens |
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in the LPs they provide for, which they can then turn around and sell directly |
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or hold onto as an investment. These are usually granted via a staking |
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mechanism, where the LP provider stakes (or "locks") their LP tokens into the |
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platform, and is able to withdraw the incentive token based on how long and how |
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much they've staked. |
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Some LP projects, such as [Sushi][sushi], have gone further and completely |
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gamified the whole experience, and are the cause of the multi thousand percent |
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APYs that DeFi has become somewhat famous for. These projects are flashy, but I |
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couldn't find myself placing any trust in them. |
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There is a risk in being an LP provider, and it's called ["impermanent |
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loss"][il]. This is another area where it's not worth going into super detail, |
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so I'll just say that impermanent loss occurs when the relative value of the |
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assets in the pool diverges significantly. For example, if you are a provider in |
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a BTC/USDC pool, and the value of BTC relative to USD either tanks or |
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skyrockets, you will have ended up losing money. |
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I wanted to avoid impermanent loss, and so focused on pools where the assets |
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have little chance of diverging. These would be pools where the assets are |
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ostensibly pinned in value, for example a pool between DAI and USDC, or between |
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renBTC and WBTC. These are called stable pools. By choosing such pools my only |
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risk was in one of the pooled assets suddenly losing all of its value due to a |
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flaw in its mechanism, for example if MakerDAO's smart contract were to be |
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hacked. Unfortunately, stable pools don't have as great yields as their volatile |
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counterparts, but given that this was all gravy on top of the appreciation of |
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the underlying ETH and BTC I didn't mind this as much. |
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I chose the [Curve][curve] project as my LP project of choice. Curve focuses |
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mainly on stable pools, and provides decent yield percents in that area while |
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also being a relatively trusted and actively developed project. |
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I made the following deposits into Curve: |
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* 200 DAI into the [Y Pool][ypool], receiving back 188 LP tokens. |
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* 300 DAI into the [USDN Pool][usdnpool], receiving back 299 LP tokens. |
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* 0.04 renBTC into the [tBTC Pool][tbtcpool], receiving back 0.039 LP tokens. |
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[lp]: https://finematics.com/liquidity-pools-explained/ |
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[il]: https://finematics.com/impermanent-loss-explained/ |
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[sushi]: https://www.sushi.com/ |
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[curve]: https://curve.fi |
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[ypool]: https://curve.fi/iearn |
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[usdnpool]: https://curve.fi/usdn |
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[tbtcpool]: https://curve.fi/tbtc |
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## Step 3: Yield Farming |
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At this point I could have taken the next step of staking my LP tokens into the |
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Curve platform, and periodically going in and reaping the incentive tokens that |
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doing so would earn me. I could then sell these tokens and re-invest the profits |
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back into the LP, and then stake the resulting LP tokens back into Curve, |
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resulting in a higher yield the next time I reap the incentives, ad neaseaum |
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forever. |
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This is a fine strategy, but it has two major drawbacks: |
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* I don't have the time, nor the patience, to implement it. |
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* ETH transaction fees would make it completely impractical. |
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Luckily, yield farming platforms exist. Rather than staking your LP tokens |
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yourself, you instead deposit them into a yield farming platform. The platform |
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aggregates everyone's LP tokens, stakes them, and automatically collects and |
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re-invests incentives in large batches. By using a yield farming platform, |
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small, humble yield farmers like myself can pool our resources together to take |
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advantage of scale we wouldn't normally have. |
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Of course, yield farming adds yet another gamification layer to the whole |
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system, and complicates everything. You'll see what I mean in a moment. |
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The yield farming platform I chose was [Harvest][harvest]. Overall |
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Harvest had the best advertised APYs (though those can obviously change on a |
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dime), a large number of farmed pools that gets updated regularly, as well as a |
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simple interface that I could sort of understand. The project is a _bit_ of a |
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mess, and there's probably better options now, but it was what I had at the |
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time. |
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For each of the 3 kinds of LP tokens I had collected in Step 2 I deposited them |
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into the corresponding farming pool on Harvest. As with the LPs, for each |
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farming pool you deposit into you receive back a corresponding amount of farming |
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pool tokens which you can then stake back into Harvest. Based on how much you |
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stake into Harvest you can collect a certain amount of FARM tokens periodically, |
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which you can then sell, yada yada yada. It's farming all the way down. I didn't |
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bother much with this. |
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[harvest]: https://harvest.finance |
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## Step 4: Wait |
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At this point the market picked up, ethereum transactions shot up from 20 to 200 |
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gwei, and I was no longer able to play with my DeFi money without incurring huge |
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losses. So I mostly forgot about it, and only now am coming back to it to see |
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the damage. |
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## Step 5: Reap What I've Sown |
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It's 200 days later, fees are down again, and enough time has passed that I |
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could plausibly evaluate my strategy, I've gone through the trouble of undoing |
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all my positions in order to arrive back at my base assets, ETC and BTC. While |
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it's tempting to just keep the DeFi ship floating on, I think I need to redo it |
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in a way that I won't be paralyzed during the next market turn, and I'd like to |
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evaluate other chains besides ethereum. |
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First, I've unrolled my Harvest positions, collecting the original LP tokens |
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back plus whatever yield the farming was able to generate. The results of that |
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step are: |
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* 194 Y Pool tokens (originally 188). |
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* 336 USDN Pool tokens (originally 299). |
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* 0.0405 tBTC Pool tokens (originally 0.039). |
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Second, I've burned those LP tokens to collect back the original assets from the |
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LPs, resulting in: |
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* 215.83 DAI from the Y Pool (originally 200). |
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* 346.45 DAI from the USDN Pool (originally 300). |
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* 0.0405 renBTC from the tBTC Pool (originally 0.04). |
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For a total DAI of 562.28. |
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Finally, I've re-deposited the DAI back into MakerDAO to reclaim my original |
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ETH. I had originally withdrawn 500 DAI, but due to interest I now owed 511 |
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DAI. So after reclaiming my full 2.04 ETH I have ~51 DAI leftover. |
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## Insane Profits |
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Calculating actual APY for the BTC investment is straightforward: it came out to |
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about 4.20% APY. Not too bad, considering the position is fairly immune to price |
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movements. |
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Calculating for ETH is a bit trickier, since in the end I ended up with the same |
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ETH as I started with (2.04) plus 51 DAI. If I were to purchase ETH with that |
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DAI now, it would get me ~0.02 further ETH. Not a whole heck of a lot. And that |
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doesn't even account for ethereum fees! I made 22 ethereum transactions |
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throughout this whole process, resulting in ~0.098 ETH spent on transaction |
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fees. |
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So in the end, I lost 0.078 ETH, but gained 0.0005 BTC. If I were to |
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convert the BTC gain to ETH now it would give me a net total profit of: |
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**-0.071 ETH** |
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A net loss, how fun! |
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## Conclusions |
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There were a lot of takeaways from this experiment: |
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* ETH fees will get ya, even in the good times. I would need to be working with |
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at least an order of magnitude higher base position in order for this to work |
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out in my favor. |
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* I should have put all my DAI in the Curve USDN pool, and not bothered with the |
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Y pool. It had almost double the percent return in the end. |
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* Borrowing DAI on my ETH was fun, but it really cuts down on how much of my ETH |
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value I'm able to take advantage of. My BTC was able to be fully invested, |
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whereas at most half of my ETH value was. |
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* If I have a large USD position I want to sit on, the USDN pool on its own is |
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not the worst place to park it. The APY on it was about 30%! |
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I _will_ be trying this again, albeit with a bigger budget and more knowledge. I |
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want to check out other chains besides ethereum, so as to avoid the fees, as |
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well as other yield mechanisms besides LPs, and other yield farming platforms |
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besides Harvest. |
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Until then! |
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