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program structure: edits from kelly, thanks kelly!

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_posts/2019-08-02-program-structure-and-composability.md
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@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ title: >-
Program Structure and Composability Program Structure and Composability
description: >- description: >-
Discussing the nature of program structure, the problems presented by Discussing the nature of program structure, the problems presented by
complex structures, and a pattern which helps in solving those problems. complex structures, and a pattern that helps in solving those problems.
hide: true hide: true
--- ---
## Part 0: Introduction ## Part 0: Introduction
This post is focused on a concept I call "program structure", which I will try This post is focused on a concept I call “program structure,” which I will try
to shed some light on before discussing complex program structures, then to shed some light on before discussing complex program structures. I will then
discussing why complex structures can be problematic to deal with, and finally discuss why complex structures can be problematic to deal with, and will finally
discussing a pattern for dealing with those problems. discuss a pattern for dealing with those problems.
My background is as a backend engineer working on large projects that have had My background is as a backend engineer working on large projects that have had
many moving parts; most had multiple programs interacting with each other, using many moving parts; most had multiple programs interacting with each other, used
many different databases in various contexts, and facing large amounts of load many different databases in various contexts, and faced large amounts of load
from millions of users. Most of this post will be framed from my perspective, from millions of users. Most of this post will be framed from my perspective,
and will present problems in the way I have experienced them. I believe, and will present problems in the way I have experienced them. I believe,
however, that the concepts and problems I discuss here are applicable to many however, that the concepts and problems I discuss here are applicable to many
@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ other domains, and I hope those with a foot in both backend systems and a second
domain can help to translate the ideas between the two. domain can help to translate the ideas between the two.
Also note that I will be using Go as my example language, but none of the Also note that I will be using Go as my example language, but none of the
concepts discussed here are specific to Go. To that end, I've decided to favor concepts discussed here are specific to Go. To that end, I’ve decided to favor
readable code over "correct" code, and so have elided things that most gophers readable code over “correct” code, and so have elided things that most gophers
hold near-and-dear, such as error checking and proper documentation, in order to hold near-and-dear, such as error checking and proper documentation, in order to
make the code as accessible as possible to non-gophers as well. As with before, make the code as accessible as possible to non-gophers as well. As with before,
I trust someone with a foot in Go and another language can translate help me I trust that someone with a foot in Go and another language can help me
translate between the two. translate between the two.
## Part 1: Program Structure ## Part 1: Program Structure
@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ think about program structure.
### Directory Structure ### Directory Structure
For a long time I thought about program structure in terms of the hierarchy For a long time, I thought about program structure in terms of the hierarchy
present in the filesystem. In my mind, a program's structure looked like this: present in the filesystem. In my mind, a program’s structure looked like this:
``` ```
// The directory structure of a project called gobdns. // The directory structure of a project called gobdns.
@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ src/
main.go main.go
``` ```
What I grew to learn was that this conflation of "program structure" with What I grew to learn was that this conflation of “program structure” with
"directory structure" is ultimately unhelpful. While can't be denied that every “directory structure” is ultimately unhelpful. While it can’t be denied that
program has a directory structure (and if not, it ought to), this does not mean every program has a directory structure (and if not, it ought to), this does not
that the way the program looks in a filesystem in any way corresponds to how it mean that the way the program looks in a filesystem in any way corresponds to
looks in our mind's eye. how it looks in our mind’s eye.
The most notable way to show this is to consider a library package. Here is the The most notable way to show this is to consider a library package. Here is the
structure of a simple web-app which uses redis (my favorite database) as a structure of a simple web-app which uses redis (my favorite database) as a
@ -73,13 +73,13 @@ src/
main.go main.go
``` ```
If I were to ask you, based on that directory strucure, what the program does, If I were to ask you, based on that directory structure, what the program does
in the most abstract terms, you might say something like: "The program in the most abstract terms, you might say something like: “The program
establishes an http server which listens for requests. It also establishes a establishes an http server that listens for requests. It also establishes a
connection to the redis server. The program then interacts with redis in connection to the redis server. The program then interacts with redis in
different ways, based on the http requests which are received on the server." different ways based on the http requests that are received on the server.”
And that would be a good guess. Here's a diagram which depicts the program And that would be a good guess. Here’s a diagram that depicts the program
structure, wherein the root node, `main.go`, takes in requests from `http` and structure, wherein the root node, `main.go`, takes in requests from `http` and
processes them using `redis`. processes them using `redis`.
@ -88,15 +88,15 @@ processes them using `redis`.
descr="Example 1" descr="Example 1"
%} %}
This is certainly a viable guess for how a program with that directory structure This is certainly a viable guess for how a program with that directory
operates, but consider another answer: "A component of the program called structure operates, but consider another answer: “A component of the program
`server` establishes an http server which listens for requests. `server` also called `server` establishes an http server that listens for requests. `server`
establishes a connection to a redis server. `server` then interacts with that also establishes a connection to a redis server. `server` then interacts with
redis connection in different ways, based on the http requests which are that redis connection in different ways based on the http requests that are
received on the http server. Additionally, `server` tracks statistics about received on the http server. Additionally, `server` tracks statistics about
these interactions and makes them available to other components. The root these interactions and makes them available to other components. The root
component of the program establishes a connection to a second redis server, and component of the program establishes a connection to a second redis server, and
stores those statistics in that redis server." Here's another diagram to depict stores those statistics in that redis server.” Here’s another diagram to depict
_that_ program. _that_ program.
{% include image.html {% include image.html
@ -105,19 +105,20 @@ _that_ program.
%} %}
The directory structure could apply to either description; `redis` is just a The directory structure could apply to either description; `redis` is just a
library which allows for interacting with a redis server, but it doesn't specify library which allows for interaction with a redis server, but it doesn’t
_which_ server, or _how many_. And those are extremely important factors which specify _which_ or _how many_ servers. However, those are extremely important
are definitely reflected in our concept of the program's structure, and yet not factors that are definitely reflected in our concept of the program’s
in the directory structure. **What the directory structure reflects are the structure, and not in the directory structure. **What the directory structure
different _kinds_ of components available to use, but it does not reflect how a reflects are the different _kinds_ of components available to use, but it does
program will use those components.** not reflect how a program will use those components.**
### Global State vs Compartmentalization ### Global State vs Compartmentalization
The directory-centric view of structure often leads to the use of global The directory-centric view of structure often leads to the use of global
singletons to manage access to external resources like RPC servers and singletons to manage access to external resources like RPC servers and
databases. In examples 1 and 2 the `redis` library might contain code which databases. In examples 1 and 2 the `redis` library might contain code which
looks something like: looks something like this:
```go ```go
// A mapping of connection names to redis connections. // A mapping of connection names to redis connections.
@ -132,45 +133,45 @@ func Get(name string) *RedisConn {
``` ```
Even though this pattern would work, it breaks with our conception of the Even though this pattern would work, it breaks with our conception of the
program structure in more complexes cases like example 2. Rather than the program structure in more complex cases like example 2. Rather than the `redis`
`redis` component being owned by the `server` component, which actually uses it, component being owned by the `server` component, which actually uses it, it
it would be practically owned by _all_ components, since all are able to use it. would be practically owned by _all_ components, since all are able to use it.
Compartmentalization has been broken, and can only be held together through Compartmentalization has been broken, and can only be held together through
sheer human discipline. sheer human discipline.
**This is the problem with all global state. It's shareable amongst all components **This is the problem with all global state. It is shareable among all
of a program, and so is accountable to none of them.** One must look at an components of a program, and so is accountable to none of them.** One must look
entire codebase to understand how a globally held component is used, which might at an entire codebase to understand how a globally held component is used,
not even be possible for a large codebase. And so the maintainers of these which might not even be possible for a large codebase. Therefore, the
shared components rely entirely on the discipline of their fellow coders when maintainers of these shared components rely entirely on the discipline of their
making changes, usually discovering where that discipline broke down once the fellow coders when making changes, usually discovering where that discipline
changes have been pushed live. broke down once the changes have been pushed live.
Global state also makes it easier for disparate programs/components to share Global state also makes it easier for disparate programs/components to share
datastores for completely unrelated tasks. In example 2, rather than creating a datastores for completely unrelated tasks. In example 2, rather than creating a
new redis instance for the root component's statistics storage, the coder might new redis instance for the root component’s statistics storage, the coder might
have instead said "well, there's already a redis instance available, I'll just have instead said, “well, there’s already a redis instance available, I’ll just
use that." And so compartmentalization would have been broken further. Perhaps use that.” And so, compartmentalization would have been broken further. Perhaps
the two instances _could_ be coalesced into the same one, for the sake of the two instances _could_ be coalesced into the same instance for the sake of
resource efficiency, but that decision would be better made at runtime via the resource efficiency, but that decision would be better made at runtime via the
configuration of the program, rather than being hardcoded into the code. configuration of the program, rather than being hardcoded into the code.
From the perspective of team management, global state-based patterns do nothing From the perspective of team management, global state-based patterns do nothing
except slow teams down. The person/team responsible for maintaining the central except slow teams down. The person/team responsible for maintaining the central
library in which shared components live (`redis`, in the above examples) becomes library in which shared components live (`redis`, in the above examples)
the bottleneck for creating new instances for new components, which will further becomes the bottleneck for creating new instances for new components, which
lead to re-using existing instances rather than creating new ones, further will further lead to re-using existing instances rather than creating new ones,
breaking compartmentalization. The person/team responsible for the central further breaking compartmentalization. Additionally the person/team responsible
library often finds themselves as the maintainers of the shared resource as for the central library, rather than the team using it, often finds themselves
well, rather than the team actually using it. as the maintainers of the shared resource.
### Component Structure ### Component Structure
So what does proper program structure look like? In my mind the structure of a So what does proper program structure look like? In my mind the structure of a
program is a hierarchy of components, or, in other words, a tree. The leaf nodes program is a hierarchy of components, or, in other words, a tree. The leaf
of the tree are almost _always_ IO related components, e.g. database nodes of the tree are almost _always_ IO related components, e.g., database
connections, RPC server frameworks or clients, message queue consumers, etc... connections, RPC server frameworks or clients, message queue consumers, etc.
The non-leaf nodes will _generally_ be components which bring together the The non-leaf nodes will _generally_ be components that bring together the
functionalities of their children in some useful way, though they may also have functionalities of their children in some useful way, though they may also have
some IO functionality of their own. some IO functionality of their own.
@ -182,13 +183,13 @@ Let's look at an even more complex structure, still only using the `redis` and
descr="Example 3" descr="Example 3"
%} %}
This component structure contains the addition of the `debug` component. Clearly This component structure contains the addition of the `debug` component.
the `http` and `redis` components are reusable in different contexts, but for Clearly the `http` and `redis` components are reusable in different contexts,
this example the `debug` endpoint is as well. It creates a separate http server but for this example the `debug` endpoint is as well. It creates a separate
which can be queried to perform runtime debugging of the program, and can be http server that can be queried to perform runtime debugging of the program,
tacked onto virtually any program. The `rest-api` component is specific to this and can be tacked onto virtually any program. The `rest-api` component is
program and therefore not reusable. Let's dive into it a bit to see how it might specific to this program and is therefore not reusable. Let’s dive into it a
be implemented: bit to see how it might be implemented:
```go ```go
// RestAPI is very much not thread-safe, hopefully it doesn't have to handle // RestAPI is very much not thread-safe, hopefully it doesn't have to handle
@ -232,8 +233,9 @@ func (r *RestAPI) barHandler(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
} }
``` ```
As can be seen, `rest-api` coalesces `http` and `redis` into a simple REST-like
api, using pre-made library components. `main.go`, the root component, does much In that snippet `rest-api` coalesced `http` and `redis` into a simple REST-like
api using pre-made library components. `main.go`, the root component, does much
the same: the same:
```go ```go
@ -255,26 +257,26 @@ func main() {
} }
``` ```
One thing which is clearly missing in this program is proper configuration, One thing that is clearly missing in this program is proper configuration,
whether from command-line, environment variables, etc.... As it stands, all whether from command-line or environment variables, etc. As it stands, all
configuration parameters, such as the redis addresses and http listen addresses, configuration parameters, such as the redis addresses and http listen
are hardcoded. Proper configuration actually ends up being somewhat difficult, addresses, are hardcoded. Proper configuration actually ends up being somewhat
as the ideal case would be for each component to set up its own configuration difficult, as the ideal case would be for each component to set up its own
variables, without its parent needing to be aware. For example, `redis` could configuration variables without its parent needing to be aware. For example,
set up `addr` and `pool-size` parameters. The problem is that there are two `redis` could set up `addr` and `pool-size` parameters. The problem is that there
`redis` components in the program, and their parameters would therefore conflict are two `redis` components in the program, and their parameters would therefore
with each other. An elegant solution to this problem is discussed in the next conflict with each other. An elegant solution to this problem is discussed in
section. the next section.
## Part 2: Components, Configuration, and Runtime ## Part 2: Components, Configuration, and Runtime
The key to the configuration problem is to recognize that, even if there are two The key to the configuration problem is to recognize that, even if there are
of the same component in a program, they can't occupy the same place in the two of the same component in a program, they can’t occupy the same place in the
program's structure. In the above example there are two `http` components, one program’s structure. In the above example, there are two `http` components: one
under `rest-api` and the other under `debug`. Since the structure is represented under `rest-api` and the other under `debug`. Because the structure is
as a tree of components, the "path" of any node in the tree uniquely represents represented as a tree of components, the “path” of any node in the tree
it in the structure. For example, the two `http` components in the previous uniquely represents it in the structure. For example, the two `http` components
example have these paths: in the previous example have these paths:
``` ```
root -> rest-api -> http root -> rest-api -> http
@ -282,9 +284,9 @@ root -> debug -> http
``` ```
If each component were to know its place in the component tree, then it would If each component were to know its place in the component tree, then it would
easily be able to ensure that its configuration and initialization didn't easily be able to ensure that its configuration and initialization didn’t
conflict with other components of the same type. If the `http` component sets up conflict with other components of the same type. If the `http` component sets
a command-line parameter to know what address to listen on, the two `http` up a command-line parameter to know what address to listen on, the two `http`
components in that program would set up: components in that program would set up:
``` ```
@ -293,13 +295,13 @@ components in that program would set up:
``` ```
So how can we enable each component to know its path in the component structure? So how can we enable each component to know its path in the component structure?
To answer this we'll have to take a detour through a type, called `Component`. To answer this, we’ll have to take a detour through a type, called `Component`.
### Component and Configuration ### Component and Configuration
The `Component` type is a made up type (though you'll be able to find an The `Component` type is a made-up type (though you’ll be able to find an
implementation of it at the end of this post). It has a single primary purpose, implementation of it at the end of this post). It has a single primary purpose,
and that is to convey the program's structure to new components. and that is to convey the program’s structure to new components.
To see how this is done, let's look at a couple of `Component`'s methods: To see how this is done, let's look at a couple of `Component`'s methods:
@ -318,12 +320,11 @@ func (*Component) Child(name string) *Component
func (*Component) Path() []string func (*Component) Path() []string
``` ```
`Child` is used to create a new `Component`, corresponding to a new child node `Child` is used to create a new `Component`, corresponding to a new child node
in the component structure, and `Path` is used retrieve the path of any in the component structure, and `Path` is used retrieve the path of any
`Component` within that structure. For the sake of keeping the examples simple `Component` within that structure. For the sake of keeping the examples simple,
let's pretend these functions have been implemented in a package called `mcmp`. let’s pretend these functions have been implemented in a package called `mcmp`.
Here's an example of how `Component` might be used in the `redis` component's Here’s an example of how `Component` might be used in the `redis` component’s
code: code:
```go ```go
@ -354,9 +355,9 @@ In our above example, the two `redis` components' parameters would be:
in our program, since it allows them to know their place in the component in our program, since it allows them to know their place in the component
structure. structure.
Having to construct the prefix for the parameters ourselves is pretty annoying Having to construct the prefix for the parameters ourselves is pretty annoying,
though, so let's introduce a new package, `mcfg`, which acts like `flag` but is so let’s introduce a new package, `mcfg`, which acts like `flag` but is aware
aware of `Component`. Then `redis.NewConn` is reduced to: of `Component`. Then `redis.NewConn` is reduced to:
```go ```go
// Package redis // Package redis
@ -370,16 +371,16 @@ func NewConn(cmp *mcmp.Component, defaultAddr string) *RedisConn {
} }
``` ```
Easy-peazy. Easy-peasy.
#### But What About Parse? #### But What About Parse?
Sharp-eyed gophers will notice that there's a key piece missing: When is Sharp-eyed gophers will notice that there is a key piece missing: When is
`flag.Parse`, or its `mcfg` counterpart, called? When does `addrParam` actually `flag.Parse`, or its `mcfg` counterpart, called? When does `addrParam` actually
get populated? You can't use the redis connection until that happens, but that get populated? You can’t use the redis connection until that happens, but that
can't happen inside `redis.NewConn` because there might be other components can’t happen inside `redis.NewConn` because there might be other components
after `redis.NewConn` which want to set up parameters. To illustrate the after `redis.NewConn` that want to set up parameters. To illustrate the
problem, let's look at a simple program which wants to set up two `redis` problem, let’s look at a simple program that wants to set up two `redis`
components: components:
```go ```go
@ -413,31 +414,33 @@ We will solve this problem in the next section.
### Instantiation vs Initialization ### Instantiation vs Initialization
Let's break down `redis.NewConn` into two phases: instantiation and initialization. Let’s break down `redis.NewConn` into two phases: instantiation and
Instantiation refers to creating the component on the component structure and initialization. Instantiation refers to creating the component on the component
having it declare what it needs in order to initialize (e.g. configuration structure and having it declare what it needs in order to initialize (e.g.,
parameters). During instantiation nothing external to the program is performed; configuration parameters). During instantiation, nothing external to the
no IO, no reading of the command-line, no logging, etc... All that's happened is program is performed; no IO, no reading of the command-line, no logging, etc.
that the empty template of a `redis` component has been created. All that’s happened is that the empty template of a `redis` component has been
created.
Initialization is the phase when that template is filled in. Configuration Initialization is the phase during which the template is filled in.
parameters are read, startup actions like the creation of database connections Configuration parameters are read, startup actions like the creation of database
are performed, and logging is output for informational and debugging purposes. connections are performed, and logging is output for informational and debugging
purposes.
The key to making effective use of this dichotemy is to allow _all_ components The key to making effective use of this dichotomy is to allow _all_ components
to instantiate themselves before they initialize themselves. By doing this we to instantiate themselves before they initialize themselves. By doing this we
can ensure that, for example, all components have had the chance to declare can ensure, for example, that all components have had the chance to declare
their configuration parameters before configuration parsing is done. their configuration parameters before configuration parsing is done.
So let's modify `redis.NewConn` so that it follows this dichotemy. It makes So let’s modify `redis.NewConn` so that it follows this dichotomy. It makes
sense to leave instantiation related code where it is, but we need a mechanism sense to leave instantiation-related code where it is, but we need a mechanism
by which we can declare initialization code before actually calling it. For by which we can declare initialization code before actually calling it. For
this, I will introduce the idea of a "hook". this, I will introduce the idea of a “hook.”
#### But First: Augment Component #### But First: Augment Component
In order to support hooks, however, `Component` will need to be augmented with In order to support hooks, however, `Component` will need to be augmented with
a few new methods. Right now it can only carry with it information about the a few new methods. Right now, it can only carry with it information about the
component structure, but here we will add the ability to carry arbitrary component structure, but here we will add the ability to carry arbitrary
key/value information as well: key/value information as well:
@ -457,13 +460,13 @@ func (*Component) Children() []*Component
``` ```
The final method allows us to, starting at the root `Component`, traverse the The final method allows us to, starting at the root `Component`, traverse the
component structure, interacting with each `Component`'s key/value store. This component structure and interact with each `Component`’s key/value store. This
will be useful for implementing hooks. will be useful for implementing hooks.
#### Hooks #### Hooks
A hook is, simply a function which will run later. We will declare a new A hook is simply a function that will run later. We will declare a new package,
package, calling it `mrun`, and say that it has two new functions: calling it `mrun`, and say that it has two new functions:
```go ```go
// Package mrun // Package mrun
@ -476,12 +479,12 @@ func InitHook(cmp *mcmp.Component, hook func())
func Init(cmp *mcmp.Component) func Init(cmp *mcmp.Component)
``` ```
With these two functions we are able to defer the initialization phase of With these two functions, we are able to defer the initialization phase of
startup by using the same `Component`s we were passing around for the purpose of startup by using the same `Components` we were passing around for the purpose
denoting component structure. of denoting component structure.
Now, with these few extra pieces of functionality in place, let's reconsider the Now, with these few extra pieces of functionality in place, let’s reconsider the
most recent example, and make a program which creates two redis components which most recent example, and make a program that creates two redis components which
exist independently of each other: exist independently of each other:
```go ```go
@ -549,19 +552,19 @@ func main() {
## Conclusion ## Conclusion
While the examples given here are fairly simplistic, the pattern itself is quite While the examples given here are fairly simplistic, the pattern itself is quite
powerful. Codebases naturally accumulate small, domain specific behaviors and powerful. Codebases naturally accumulate small, domain-specific behaviors and
optimizations over time, especially around the IO components of the program. optimizations over time, especially around the IO components of the program.
Databases are used with specific options that an organization finds useful, Databases are used with specific options that an organization finds useful,
logging is performed in particular places, metrics are counted around certain logging is performed in particular places, metrics are counted around certain
pieces of code, etc... pieces of code, etc.
By programming with component structure in mind we are able to keep these By programming with component structure in mind, we are able to keep these
optimizations while also keeping the clarity and compartmentalization of the optimizations while also keeping the clarity and compartmentalization of the
code in-tact. We are able to keep our code flexible and configurable, while also code intact. We can keep our code flexible and configurable, while also
re-usable and testable. And the simplicity of the tools involved means it can be re-usable and testable. Also, the simplicity of the tools involved means they
extended and retrofitted for nearly any situation or use-case. can be extended and retrofitted for nearly any situation or use-case.
Overall, it's a powerful pattern that I've found myself unable to do without Overall, this is a powerful pattern that I’ve found myself unable to do without
once I began using it. once I began using it.
### Implementation ### Implementation
@ -573,10 +576,10 @@ described in this post here:
* [mcfg](https://godoc.org/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mcfg) * [mcfg](https://godoc.org/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mcfg)
* [mrun](https://godoc.org/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mrun) * [mrun](https://godoc.org/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mrun)
The packages are not stable and are likely to change frequently. You'll also The packages are not stable and are likely to change frequently. You’ll also
find that they have been extended quite a bit from the simple descriptions found find that they have been extended quite a bit from the simple descriptions found
here, based on what I've found useful as I've implemented programs using here, based on what I’ve found useful as I’ve implemented programs using
component structures. With these two points in mind, I would encourage you to component structures. With these two points in mind, I would encourage you to
look in and take whatever functionality you find useful for yourself, and not look and take whatever functionality you find useful for yourself, and not use
use the packages directly. The core pieces are not different from what has been the packages directly. The core pieces are not different from what has been
described in this post. described in this post.