624 lines
17 KiB
TeX
624 lines
17 KiB
TeX
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\documentclass[aspectratio=169]{beamer}
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\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
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\AtBeginSection[]{
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\begin{frame}
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\vfill
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\centering
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\begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=8pt,center,shadow=true,rounded=true]{title}
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\usebeamerfont{title}\insertsectionhead\par%
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\end{beamercolorbox}
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\vfill
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}
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\title{Garage}
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\subtitle{a lightweight and robust geo-distributed data storage system}
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\author{Deuxfleurs Association}
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\date{Inria, 2023-01-18}
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\begin{document}
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\begin{frame}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{../../sticker/Garage.pdf}
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\vspace{1em}
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{\large\bf Deuxfleurs Association}
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\vspace{1em}
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\url{https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/}
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Matrix channel: \texttt{\#garage:deuxfleurs.fr}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Who we are}
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\begin{columns}[t]
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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\adjincludegraphics[width=.4\linewidth, valign=t]{assets/alex.jpg}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
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\textbf{Alex Auvolat}\\
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PhD; co-founder of Deuxfleurs
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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~
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{columns}[t]
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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~
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
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\textbf{Quentin Dufour}\\
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PhD; co-founder of Deuxfleurs
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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\adjincludegraphics[width=.5\linewidth, valign=t]{assets/quentin.jpg}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{columns}[t]
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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\adjincludegraphics[width=.5\linewidth, valign=t]{assets/deuxfleurs.pdf}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
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\textbf{Deuxfleurs}\\
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A non-profit self-hosting collective,\\
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member of the CHATONS network
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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\adjincludegraphics[width=.7\linewidth, valign=t]{assets/logo_chatons.png}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Our objective at Deuxfleurs}
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\begin{center}
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\textbf{Promote self-hosting and small-scale hosting\\
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as an alternative to large cloud providers}
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\end{center}
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\vspace{2em}
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\visible<2->{
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Why is it hard?
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}
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\visible<3->{
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{center}
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\textbf{\underline{Resilience}}\\
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{\footnotesize (we want good uptime/availability with low supervision)}
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\end{center}
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}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{How to make a \underline{stable} system}
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Enterprise-grade systems typically employ:
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item RAID
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\item Redundant power grid + UPS
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\item Redundant Internet connections
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\item Low-latency links
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\item ...
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{1em}
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$\to$ it's costly and only worth it at DC scale
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{How to make a \underline{resilient} system}
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\only<1,4-5>{
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Instead, we use:
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textcolor<2->{gray}{Commodity hardware (e.g. old desktop PCs)}
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\vspace{.5em}
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\item<4-> \textcolor<5->{gray}{Commodity Internet (e.g. FTTB, FTTH) and power grid}
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\vspace{.5em}
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\item<5-> \textcolor<6->{gray}{\textbf{Geographical redundancy} (multi-site replication)}
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\end{itemize}
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}
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\only<2>{
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/atuin.jpg}
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\end{center}
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}
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\only<3>{
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/neptune.jpg}
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\end{center}
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}
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\only<6>{
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{assets/inframap.jpg}
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\end{center}
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}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{How to make this happen}
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\begin{center}
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\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/slide1.png}}%
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\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/slide2.png}}%
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\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/slide3.png}}%
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Distributed file systems are slow}
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File systems are complex, for example:
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Concurrent modification by several processes
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Folder hierarchies
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Other requirements of the POSIX spec
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{1em}
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Coordination in a distributed system is costly
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\vspace{1em}
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Costs explode with commodity hardware / Internet connections\\
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{\small (we experienced this!)}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{A simpler solution: object storage}
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Only two operations:
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Put an object at a key
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Retrieve an object from its key
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{1em}
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{\footnotesize (and a few others)}
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\vspace{1em}
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Sufficient for many applications!
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{A simpler solution: object storage}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[height=6em]{../2020-12-02_wide-team/img/Amazon-S3.jpg}
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\hspace{3em}
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\includegraphics[height=5em]{assets/minio.png}
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\hspace{3em}
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\includegraphics[height=6em]{../../logo/garage_hires_crop.png}
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\end{center}
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\vspace{1em}
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S3: a de-facto standard, many compatible applications
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\vspace{1em}
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MinIO is self-hostable but not suited for geo-distributed deployments
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\vspace{1em}
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\textbf{Garage is a self-hosted drop-in replacement for the Amazon S3 object store}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{The data model of object storage}
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Object storage is basically a key-value store:
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|p{8cm}|}
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\hline
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\textbf{Key: file path + name} & \textbf{Value: file data + metadata} \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\texttt{index.html} &
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\texttt{Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8} \newline
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\texttt{Content-Length: 24929} \newline
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\texttt{<binary blob>} \\
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\hline
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\texttt{img/logo.svg} &
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\texttt{Content-Type: text/svg+xml} \newline
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\texttt{Content-Length: 13429} \newline
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\texttt{<binary blob>} \\
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\hline
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\texttt{download/index.html} &
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\texttt{Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8} \newline
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\texttt{Content-Length: 26563} \newline
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\texttt{<binary blob>} \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Two big problems}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item \textbf{How to place data on different nodes?}\\
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\vspace{1em}
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\underline{Constraints:} heterogeneous hardware\\
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\underline{Objective:} $n$ copies of everything, maximize usable capacity, maximize resilience\\
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\vspace{1em}
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$\to$ the Dynamo model + optimization algorithms
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\vspace{2em}
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\item<2-> \textbf{How to guarantee consistency?}\\
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\vspace{1em}
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\underline{Constraints:} slow network (geographical distance), node unavailability/crashes\\
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\underline{Objective:} maximize availability, read-after-write guarantee\\
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\vspace{1em}
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$\to$ CRDTs, monotonicity, read and write quorums
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{frame}
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\section{Problem 1: placing data}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Key-value stores, upgraded: the Dynamo model}
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\textbf{Two keys:}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Partition key: used to divide data into partitions (shards)
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\item Sort key: used to identify items inside a partition
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|p{3cm}|}
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\hline
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\textbf{Partition key: bucket} & \textbf{Sort key: filename} & \textbf{Value} \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\texttt{website} & \texttt{index.html} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\texttt{website} & \texttt{img/logo.svg} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\texttt{website} & \texttt{download/index.html} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\texttt{backup} & \texttt{borg/index.2822} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\texttt{backup} & \texttt{borg/data/2/2329} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\texttt{backup} & \texttt{borg/data/2/2680} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\texttt{private} & \texttt{qq3a2nbe1qjq0ebbvo6ocsp6co} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Key-value stores, upgraded: the Dynamo model}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Data with different partition keys is stored independantly,\\
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on a different set of nodes\\
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\vspace{.5em}
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$\to$ no easy way to list all partition keys\\
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$\to$ no cross-shard transactions\\
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\vspace{2em}
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\item Placing data: hash the partition key, select nodes accordingly\\
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\vspace{.5em}
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$\to$ distributed hash table (DHT)
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\vspace{2em}
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\item For a given value of the partition key, items can be listed using their sort keys
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{How to spread files over different cluster nodes?}
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\textbf{Consistent hashing (Dynamo):}
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{center}
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\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.40\columnwidth]{assets/consistent_hashing_1.pdf}}%
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\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.40\columnwidth]{assets/consistent_hashing_2.pdf}}%
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\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=.40\columnwidth]{assets/consistent_hashing_3.pdf}}%
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\only<4>{\includegraphics[width=.40\columnwidth]{assets/consistent_hashing_4.pdf}}%
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Constraint: location-awareness}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{assets/location-aware.png}
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\end{center}
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\vspace{2em}
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Garage replicates data on different zones when possible
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Constraint: location-awareness}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/map.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Issues with consistent hashing}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Consistent hashing doesn't dispatch data based on geographical location of nodes
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\vspace{1em}
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\item<2-> Geographically aware adaptation, try 1:\\
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data quantities not well balanced between nodes
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\vspace{1em}
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\item<3-> Geographically aware adaptation, try 2:\\
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too many reshuffles when adding/removing nodes
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{How to spread files over different cluster nodes?}
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\textbf{Garage's method: build an index table}
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\vspace{1em}
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Realization: we can actually precompute an optimal solution
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\vspace{1em}
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\visible<2->{
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
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\hline
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\textbf{Partition} & \textbf{Node 1} & \textbf{Node 2} & \textbf{Node 3} \\
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\hline
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\hline
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Partition 0 & Io (jupiter) & Drosera (atuin) & Courgette (neptune) \\
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\hline
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Partition 1 & Datura (atuin) & Courgette (neptune) & Io (jupiter) \\
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\hline
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Partition 2 & Io(jupiter) & Celeri (neptune) & Drosera (atuin) \\
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\hline
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\hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ \\
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\hline
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Partition 255 & Concombre (neptune) & Io (jupiter) & Drosera (atuin) \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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}
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\vspace{1em}
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\visible<3->{
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The index table is built centrally using an optimal algorithm,\\
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then propagated to all nodes
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}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{The relationship between \emph{partition} and \emph{partition key}}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
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\hline
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\textbf{Partition key} & \textbf{Partition} & \textbf{Sort key} & \textbf{Value} \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\texttt{website} & Partition 12 & \texttt{index.html} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\texttt{website} & Partition 12 & \texttt{img/logo.svg} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\texttt{website} & Partition 12 &\texttt{download/index.html} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\texttt{backup} & Partition 42 & \texttt{borg/index.2822} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\texttt{backup} & Partition 42 & \texttt{borg/data/2/2329} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\texttt{backup} & Partition 42 & \texttt{borg/data/2/2680} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\texttt{private} & Partition 42 & \texttt{qq3a2nbe1qjq0ebbvo6ocsp6co} & (file data) \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\vspace{1em}
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\textbf{To read or write an item:} hash partition key
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\\ \hspace{5cm} $\to$ determine partition number (first 8 bits)
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\\ \hspace{5cm} $\to$ find associated nodes
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Garage's internal data structures}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=.75\columnwidth]{assets/garage_tables.pdf}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Storing and retrieving files}
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\begin{center}
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\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.45\linewidth]{assets/garage2a.drawio.pdf}}%
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\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.45\linewidth]{assets/garage2b.drawio.pdf}}%
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\section{Problem 2: ensuring consistency}
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%\begin{frame}
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% \frametitle{Garage's architecture}
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% \begin{center}
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% \includegraphics[width=.35\linewidth]{assets/garage.drawio.pdf}
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% \end{center}
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%\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Garage is \emph{coordination-free}:}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item No Raft or Paxos
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Internal data types are CRDTs
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\vspace{1em}
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\item All nodes are equivalent (no master/leader/index node)
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{2em}
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$\to$ less sensitive to higher latencies between nodes
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Consistency model}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Not ACID (not required by S3 spec) / not linearizable
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\vspace{1em}
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\item \textbf{Read-after-write consistency}\\
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{\footnotesize (stronger than eventual consistency)}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Impact on performances}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/endpoint-latency-dc.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{An ever-increasing compatibility list}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{assets/compatibility.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Further plans for Garage}
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\begin{center}
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|
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/slideB1.png}}%
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\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/slideB2.png}}%
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\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{assets/slideB3.png}}%
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\end{center}
|
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{K2V Design}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item A new, custom, minimal API
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\vspace{1em}
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\item<2-> Exposes the partitoning mechanism of Garage\\
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K2V = partition key / sort key / value (like Dynamo)
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
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\item<3-> Coordination-free, CRDT-friendly (inspired by Riak)\\
|
|
\vspace{1em}
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\item<4-> Cryptography-friendly: values are binary blobs
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\end{itemize}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Application: an e-mail storage server}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{assets/aerogramme.png}}%
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Aerogramme data model}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.4\linewidth]{assets/aerogramme_datatype.drawio.pdf}}%
|
|
\only<2->{\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{assets/aerogramme_keys.drawio.pdf}\vspace{1em}}%
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\visible<3->{Aerogramme encrypts all stored values for privacy\\
|
|
(Garage server administrators can't read your mail)}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Different deployment scenarios}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{assets/aerogramme_components1.drawio.pdf}}%
|
|
\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{assets/aerogramme_components2.drawio.pdf}}%
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{A new model for building resilient software}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Design a data model suited to K2V\\
|
|
{\footnotesize (see Cassandra docs on porting SQL data models to Cassandra)}
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Use CRDTs or other eventually consistent data types (see e.g. Bayou)
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Store opaque binary blobs to provide End-to-End Encryption\\
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Store big blobs (files) in S3
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Let Garage manage sharding, replication, failover, etc.
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Research perspectives}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Write about Garage's global architecture \emph{(paper in progress)}
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Measure and improve Garage's performances
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Discuss the optimal layout algorithm, provide proofs
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Write about our proposed architecture for (E2EE) apps over K2V+S3
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Where to find us}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=.25\linewidth]{../../logo/garage_hires.png}\\
|
|
\vspace{-1em}
|
|
\url{https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/}\\
|
|
\url{mailto:garagehq@deuxfleurs.fr}\\
|
|
\texttt{\#garage:deuxfleurs.fr} on Matrix
|
|
|
|
\vspace{1.5em}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=.06\linewidth]{assets/rust_logo.png}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=.13\linewidth]{assets/AGPLv3_Logo.png}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\end{document}
|
|
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%% vim: set ts=4 sw=4 tw=0 noet spelllang=en :
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